Advancements of Differentiative Biomarkers for Malignant and Non-Malignant Prostatic Diseases: Inclusive Review

Volume 28 , Issue 1 , June 2026 , Pages 128-145

Authors

Sirwan Mohammed 1

1 University of Sulaimani, College of Science

DOI logo 10.17656/sujpas.1151

Keywords

Abstract

The walnut-sized prostate gland is subjected to three main disorders, including prostatitis, Benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), and prostate cancer (PCa). In many cases, discrimination between PCa and other conditions is critical, which may lead to a false diagnosis or prognosis in addition to inaccurate therapeutic responses. Additionally, screening with conventional markers such as total Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) and/or digital rectal examination (DRE) often leads to overdiagnosis and overmanagement of PCa. Developing advanced screening tools for prostatic diseases remains a challenging dilemma. New molecular approaches and insights are continuously studied by utilizing genomics, proteomics, and the extraction of various microRNAs (miRNAs), often through AI-aided models. All of these methodologies are targeting the reduction of unnecessary biopsies in addition to improving the specificity and sensitivity of diagnostic markers and paving the way for newer non-invasive screening, prognostic, and investigative tools, accompanied by more reliable biomarkers. PSA isoforms and indices, including Prostate Health Index (PHI), Prostate-Specific Antigen Density (PSAD), PSA Velocity (PSAV), and 4K score, are effective when combined with other tools such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI). The present review article aims to provide inclusive synopses of recent advances in the field of prostate disorders by introducing non-invasive alternative differentiation tools and more reliable screening molecular markers that can be applied in regular medical practices.

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  • First online25 June 2026
  • Published at25 June 2026

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