Influence of Nano NPK via Foliar Spray Versus Soil-Applied NPK on Nutrient Uptake and Productivity of Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L)

Volume 27 , Issue 2 , December 2025 , Pages 115-126

Authors

Hawar A. Maruf 1 ; Sazan F. Sharif 1 ; Nigar Abdulrahman 1 ; Niyan J. Qadir 1

1 Bakrajo Technical Institute, Sulaimani Polytechnic University, Sulaimani city, Kurdistan Region of Iraq

DOI logo 10.17656/sujpas.1021

Keywords

Abstract

Modern agriculture must boost food output sustainably, as conventional fertilizers cause soil damage, water pollution, and nitrate buildup in crops. In response, nano-fertilizers, especially those formulated with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (nano NPK) are emerging as a more efficient and environmentally friendly alternative. This study explored how foliar-applied versus soil-applied nano NPK affects the growth, yield, and nutrient content of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), a fast-growing leafy vegetable with high nutrient demands. A greenhouse experiment was carried out during the 2022–2023 season at the Bakrajo Technical Institute using a randomized block design. Lettuce plants were treated with different concentrations of nano NPK via foliar sprays (0, 2, 4, and 6 g/L) and compared to soil applications of conventional NPK (30, 60, and 90 g per plant). Throughout the season, data were collected on plant growth, leaf traits, chlorophyll content, moisture, and nutrient levels. The results showed that moderate foliar applications of nano NPK, especially at 4 g/L, significantly boosted plant height, root development, total weight, and chlorophyll levels, often performing as well as or better than higher doses of conventional fertilizers. Additionally, nano treatments helped reduce nitrate buildup in leaves and maintained higher moisture content, which is valuable for fresh-market quality. On the other hand, soil-applied NPK was more effective at increasing dry matter and potassium uptake. These results reveal that nano NPK if applied in the correct dose and with the appropriate application technique, can promote the growth of healthier crops with fewer disadvantages to the environment.

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  • Published at25 December 2025

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